Paste a title and get the version that belongs in a web address: lower case, words joined by a single hyphen, punctuation gone. Accented letters are folded to their plain form first, so Café becomes cafe rather than caf — the naive approach strips the accent along with the letter it sits on and quietly shortens the word. Turkish letters that no amount of Unicode normalisation resolves are mapped by hand.
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They are folded to the plain letter: café becomes cafe, naïve becomes naive. This is done by splitting each character into its base letter and its accent mark and then discarding the mark. Tools that skip that step and simply drop anything outside the plain alphabet turn café into caf, which is a real word shortened into a meaningless one.
Yes. Unicode normalisation resolves most accented letters, but ı, ğ, ş and their capitals are separate letters rather than accented forms of others, so they are mapped explicitly to i, g and s. Without that, a Turkish headline loses letters rather than gaining a readable slug.
You get an empty result and a line saying so. Returning a lone hyphen, or the word "untitled", would look like a working answer and would end up in a live URL; an empty result makes the problem obvious while you can still fix it.
Yes, an underscore is available. Hyphens are the usual choice for web addresses because search engines have long treated them as word separators, while underscores tend to be read as part of the word.
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